21st Century Jerusalem:
In 2000, Israel withdrew from Southern Lebanon, and the Second Intifada occurred. Two years later, Israel began construction of the West Bank Barrier. In 2005, "Israels's Unilateral Disengagement Plan" removed the Israelis from the Gaza strip. A number of conflicts from 2007-2010 augmented the tension between Israel and its neighbors, leading to questions regarding its future.
Tuesday, March 15, 2011
3/8/11
20th Century Jerusalem:
Secular Zionism is based on ideas by Theodore Herzl's book "The Jewish State," where he argues that the sacredness of Jerusalem doesn't play a role in zionism, suggesting a zionist state in Uganda. In 1899, the First Zionist conference in Switzerland was described by Herzel as having the presence of the "Messiah the Son of David." The rise of European nationalism and Anti-semitism greatly affected the Jews, as they wondered where was the land of the Jews. In World War II, the Ottomans allied themselves with the Germans against Britain and France, and after the British conquered Palestine in 1917, the Balfour Declaration promised the Jews a national homeland. They promised to protect the holy places of all faiths, and Winston Churchill's White Paper of 1922 clarified this Declaration, saying that they support a continuation of a community in Palestine. They partitioned an area to the west of the Jordan for a Jewish settlement.
After the hostility surrounding the Jews prior to WWII, the Peel Plan provided an early "two state" solution, putting the Jewish state in the north, the arab state in the south, and making Jerusalem an "international city." It was approved by the UN in 1947, accepted as a bare minimum by Zionists and rejected by Arabs, leading to violence. The War of Independence in 1948 (Arab-Israeli War) occurred, and the British departed in May. Truce was arranged by the UN in July and they signed an armistice in March of 1949. The Green line was created between Israel and Jordanian held West bank. This establishment of an Israeli state was a "Catastophe" (al-Niqba) led to King Hussein's declaration of Jerusalem as the second capital of Jordan in 1953. The Six Day war in 1967 resulted in Moshe Dayan giving control of the Haram to the Muslims and in the Israeli annexation of the Old city and East Jerusalem (rejected by the UN). The Oslo Accords in 1993 was an agreement between Isreal and the PLO, calling for Israeli withdrawal of the Gaza Strip and West Bank, and the acknowledgement of both groups.
Secular Zionism is based on ideas by Theodore Herzl's book "The Jewish State," where he argues that the sacredness of Jerusalem doesn't play a role in zionism, suggesting a zionist state in Uganda. In 1899, the First Zionist conference in Switzerland was described by Herzel as having the presence of the "Messiah the Son of David." The rise of European nationalism and Anti-semitism greatly affected the Jews, as they wondered where was the land of the Jews. In World War II, the Ottomans allied themselves with the Germans against Britain and France, and after the British conquered Palestine in 1917, the Balfour Declaration promised the Jews a national homeland. They promised to protect the holy places of all faiths, and Winston Churchill's White Paper of 1922 clarified this Declaration, saying that they support a continuation of a community in Palestine. They partitioned an area to the west of the Jordan for a Jewish settlement.
After the hostility surrounding the Jews prior to WWII, the Peel Plan provided an early "two state" solution, putting the Jewish state in the north, the arab state in the south, and making Jerusalem an "international city." It was approved by the UN in 1947, accepted as a bare minimum by Zionists and rejected by Arabs, leading to violence. The War of Independence in 1948 (Arab-Israeli War) occurred, and the British departed in May. Truce was arranged by the UN in July and they signed an armistice in March of 1949. The Green line was created between Israel and Jordanian held West bank. This establishment of an Israeli state was a "Catastophe" (al-Niqba) led to King Hussein's declaration of Jerusalem as the second capital of Jordan in 1953. The Six Day war in 1967 resulted in Moshe Dayan giving control of the Haram to the Muslims and in the Israeli annexation of the Old city and East Jerusalem (rejected by the UN). The Oslo Accords in 1993 was an agreement between Isreal and the PLO, calling for Israeli withdrawal of the Gaza Strip and West Bank, and the acknowledgement of both groups.
3/3/11
Mamluk-Ottoman Jerusalem:
After Saladin conquered the city in 1187, the Mamluk period began. During this time, Jerusalem became a religious center, because it was politically and militarily insignificant. The Haram was developed and a massive construction of schools, hostels, and hospices occurred. The Black Plague that swept Europe and Asia affected Jerusalem from 1351-1353. The architecture that characterizes this period includes alternating red and white or black and white stones, domes, monumental entrances, and Muqarnas, or domes that include geometric patterns. The Al-Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya is an Qur'anic school considered as the "third (Islamic) jewel of Jerusalem," built in 1482.
Nachmanides made an aliyah to Jerusalem in 1267, and he founded the Ramban Synagogue, attracting Jews to follow in his footsteps. He played a role in developing Kabbalah, or Jewish Mysticism, which spiritualized Jerusalem and made the temple a symbol of the path to God. So essentially, Kabbalah made the aliyah a spiritual journey towards God. In 1517, the rising Ottoman empire led by Selim I defeated the Mamluks and took Jerusalem. Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) embarked on a variety of public works projects, repairing aqueducts and pools, rebuilding walls and markets. Jewish refugees are also encouraged to settle in Jerusalem to help restore the city. The holy places of the city were also restored. The western wall was given to the Jews by Suleiman as a place of prayer, and it attracted a myriad of myths that emphasized its sacredness. Early Jewish Zionism was symbolized by the journey back to Jerusalem, or the "Land of their Fathers," where the "Gate of Heaven" and the holiness of the Temple are located.
After Saladin conquered the city in 1187, the Mamluk period began. During this time, Jerusalem became a religious center, because it was politically and militarily insignificant. The Haram was developed and a massive construction of schools, hostels, and hospices occurred. The Black Plague that swept Europe and Asia affected Jerusalem from 1351-1353. The architecture that characterizes this period includes alternating red and white or black and white stones, domes, monumental entrances, and Muqarnas, or domes that include geometric patterns. The Al-Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya is an Qur'anic school considered as the "third (Islamic) jewel of Jerusalem," built in 1482.
Nachmanides made an aliyah to Jerusalem in 1267, and he founded the Ramban Synagogue, attracting Jews to follow in his footsteps. He played a role in developing Kabbalah, or Jewish Mysticism, which spiritualized Jerusalem and made the temple a symbol of the path to God. So essentially, Kabbalah made the aliyah a spiritual journey towards God. In 1517, the rising Ottoman empire led by Selim I defeated the Mamluks and took Jerusalem. Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) embarked on a variety of public works projects, repairing aqueducts and pools, rebuilding walls and markets. Jewish refugees are also encouraged to settle in Jerusalem to help restore the city. The holy places of the city were also restored. The western wall was given to the Jews by Suleiman as a place of prayer, and it attracted a myriad of myths that emphasized its sacredness. Early Jewish Zionism was symbolized by the journey back to Jerusalem, or the "Land of their Fathers," where the "Gate of Heaven" and the holiness of the Temple are located.
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
3/1/11
Crusader Jerusalem:
The Crusades were holy conflicts between Roman Catholics and Muslims in attempts to recapture Jerusalem from Islamic rule. Pope Urban II's 1095 speech, which grants indulgence to anyone supporting their cause, and he emphasizes Jerusalem's place as the navel of the earth. This sparked the 1st Crusade from 1095-1099, and in 1099 northern Crusaders led by Godfrey de Bouillon conquered the city in 1099. The next year, Baldwin became the "king of Jerusalem." The 2nd Crusade (1147-1149), preached by St. Bernard in 1146, consisted mostly of French and German Crusaders. On July 4, 1187, Salah ad-Din (Saladin) defeated the Crusaders at Hattin, resulting in their surrender.
The Crusades resulted in the modification of some significant Islamic monuments, as well as the rebuilding of destroyed Byzantine churches. Also, the Knights Templar was founded in 1118, and they resided near the Temple Mount. Their goal was to protect pilgrims from robbers and other dangers that may encounter. A number of Crusades took place after the death of Saladin, resulting in Jerusalem being recaptured by the Crusaders, leading to an eventual Crusader defeat in 1291.
The Crusades were holy conflicts between Roman Catholics and Muslims in attempts to recapture Jerusalem from Islamic rule. Pope Urban II's 1095 speech, which grants indulgence to anyone supporting their cause, and he emphasizes Jerusalem's place as the navel of the earth. This sparked the 1st Crusade from 1095-1099, and in 1099 northern Crusaders led by Godfrey de Bouillon conquered the city in 1099. The next year, Baldwin became the "king of Jerusalem." The 2nd Crusade (1147-1149), preached by St. Bernard in 1146, consisted mostly of French and German Crusaders. On July 4, 1187, Salah ad-Din (Saladin) defeated the Crusaders at Hattin, resulting in their surrender.
The Crusades resulted in the modification of some significant Islamic monuments, as well as the rebuilding of destroyed Byzantine churches. Also, the Knights Templar was founded in 1118, and they resided near the Temple Mount. Their goal was to protect pilgrims from robbers and other dangers that may encounter. A number of Crusades took place after the death of Saladin, resulting in Jerusalem being recaptured by the Crusaders, leading to an eventual Crusader defeat in 1291.
Monday, February 28, 2011
2/24/11
Islamic Jerusalem:
Caliph Umar took over Jerusalem in 638, and he allowed Jews to move back into the city after an agreement with the Christians prohibiting Jewish settlement. Aelia, Bait Maqdis, and al-Quds were all used to describe the holy city (Haram al-Sharif = "the noble sanctuary). Muhammed first introduced the concepts of Qibla and Mihrab, which focus on a set direction of Prayer toward Mecca, specifically towards the Kaaba.
Caliph Umar constructed a wooden Mosque, whose site eventually became the sight of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and Abd al-Malik built the the Dome of the Rock in 691 (commissioned in 687). The location of the Dome of the Rock is said to be linked to Abraham's sacrifice on Mt. Moriah, Solomon's Temple, and the Underworld itself. Both of these aimed to divert pilgrimage away from Mecca, and Jews and Christians also visited Jerusalem as well. Abd al-Malik improved the road system and restored certain gates and walls of Jerusalem, and he constructed the Qubbat as-Silsila, or the Dome of the Chain.
Caliph Umar took over Jerusalem in 638, and he allowed Jews to move back into the city after an agreement with the Christians prohibiting Jewish settlement. Aelia, Bait Maqdis, and al-Quds were all used to describe the holy city (Haram al-Sharif = "the noble sanctuary). Muhammed first introduced the concepts of Qibla and Mihrab, which focus on a set direction of Prayer toward Mecca, specifically towards the Kaaba.
Caliph Umar constructed a wooden Mosque, whose site eventually became the sight of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and Abd al-Malik built the the Dome of the Rock in 691 (commissioned in 687). The location of the Dome of the Rock is said to be linked to Abraham's sacrifice on Mt. Moriah, Solomon's Temple, and the Underworld itself. Both of these aimed to divert pilgrimage away from Mecca, and Jews and Christians also visited Jerusalem as well. Abd al-Malik improved the road system and restored certain gates and walls of Jerusalem, and he constructed the Qubbat as-Silsila, or the Dome of the Chain.
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
2/22/11
The physical importane of the Temple was being diminished, as Jesus "predicts" its destruction, and its spiritual aspects were growing in significance. Revelation 21-22 describes a "new" Jerusalem, as the nature of religion in the city was transforming. Jerusalem is said to be the location of Jesus' death, burial, and resurrection, and some Christians interpret Matthew 27's statement about "destroy[ing] the temple and build[ing] it in three days" refers to Jesus' resurrection. And in 285 CE, emperor Diocletian instituted the tetrarchy of power, eventually resulting in Constantine's rise to power. He legalized Christianity in the Edict of Milan in 313 CE, although some believe he used religion as a method of uniting his empire.
Helena, Constantine's mother, came to Jerusalem in 324 CE, and her rededications established the Church of the Holy Sepulcher as a new "axis mundi." In 391, Theodosius established Christianity as the state religion, and Justinian expanded the city and built the Nea (New) Church. People began making both Jewish and Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem. People began relating the myths from the Temple to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Also, the Nea Church had a lot of physical similarities to Solomon's temple.
Helena, Constantine's mother, came to Jerusalem in 324 CE, and her rededications established the Church of the Holy Sepulcher as a new "axis mundi." In 391, Theodosius established Christianity as the state religion, and Justinian expanded the city and built the Nea (New) Church. People began making both Jewish and Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem. People began relating the myths from the Temple to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Also, the Nea Church had a lot of physical similarities to Solomon's temple.
2/17/11
Jerusalem in Revolt:
Herod's kingdom was divided into three portions. Archelaus (ineffective) became ethnarch of Judea, Herod Antipas became tetrarch of Perea and Galilee, and Herod Philip became tetrarch of Iturea and Trachonitis. These rulers were gradually substituted with direct Roman rulers (procurators). Pontius Pilate, who governed Judea from 26 to 36 CE, tried and ordered the execution of Jesus, and he provoked the Jews as a whole. The governors were mostly inexperienced, and Jewish nationalism and internal conflict were both increasing. The first Jewish Revolt (66-73 CE), can be attributed to the corrupt Roman governors, or religious injustice, or worsening relationships with non-Jews. Titus destroyed the Temple on the 9th of Ab in 70 CE, and by 73 CE, the revolt was ended. Vespasian issued Judea Capta/Devicta coins that publicized their victory.
The 2nd revolt, or Bar Kokhba revolt (132-135 CE), was led by Simon ben Kosiba, who wanted to reestablish Jerusalem as an eternal capital and reestablish Jewish identity. As a result of the revolt's failure, Hadrian punished the Jews, banned them from the city, banned circumcision, and rebuilt Jerusalem as a Roman city (Aelia Capitolina). The transformation of the Temple into a worship center for Jupiter may have led to the rise of the Synagogue, providing an alternate place of worship.
Herod's kingdom was divided into three portions. Archelaus (ineffective) became ethnarch of Judea, Herod Antipas became tetrarch of Perea and Galilee, and Herod Philip became tetrarch of Iturea and Trachonitis. These rulers were gradually substituted with direct Roman rulers (procurators). Pontius Pilate, who governed Judea from 26 to 36 CE, tried and ordered the execution of Jesus, and he provoked the Jews as a whole. The governors were mostly inexperienced, and Jewish nationalism and internal conflict were both increasing. The first Jewish Revolt (66-73 CE), can be attributed to the corrupt Roman governors, or religious injustice, or worsening relationships with non-Jews. Titus destroyed the Temple on the 9th of Ab in 70 CE, and by 73 CE, the revolt was ended. Vespasian issued Judea Capta/Devicta coins that publicized their victory.
The 2nd revolt, or Bar Kokhba revolt (132-135 CE), was led by Simon ben Kosiba, who wanted to reestablish Jerusalem as an eternal capital and reestablish Jewish identity. As a result of the revolt's failure, Hadrian punished the Jews, banned them from the city, banned circumcision, and rebuilt Jerusalem as a Roman city (Aelia Capitolina). The transformation of the Temple into a worship center for Jupiter may have led to the rise of the Synagogue, providing an alternate place of worship.
2/15/11
Herodian Jerusalem:
In 63 BCE, Pompey entered the "Holy of Holies" in what was called as the "Abomination of Desolation," and Herod the Great soon came to power. He was Judaized by the Hasmoneans, so he was essentially half-Jewish. He ruled from 37 to 4 BCE, and he was overly paranoid and impulsive, which was effective for Rome, but disliked by the Jews. He is well-known for his large building projects that include an expanded Temple Mount, theaters, and aqueducts. Some argue whether or not he was a "bad" king, since he mostly respected Jewish religious tradition.
Although there is no archeological evidence for the existence of Jesus, he most likely existed and had a large influence on people. But like the case of David and Solomon, this absence of evidence cannot be considered evidence of absence.
In 63 BCE, Pompey entered the "Holy of Holies" in what was called as the "Abomination of Desolation," and Herod the Great soon came to power. He was Judaized by the Hasmoneans, so he was essentially half-Jewish. He ruled from 37 to 4 BCE, and he was overly paranoid and impulsive, which was effective for Rome, but disliked by the Jews. He is well-known for his large building projects that include an expanded Temple Mount, theaters, and aqueducts. Some argue whether or not he was a "bad" king, since he mostly respected Jewish religious tradition.
Although there is no archeological evidence for the existence of Jesus, he most likely existed and had a large influence on people. But like the case of David and Solomon, this absence of evidence cannot be considered evidence of absence.
2/10/11
Hellenistic Jerusalem:
Alexander the Great defeated Persia's King Darius in 333 BCE conquered Palestine in 332 BCE, and after he died, Jerusalem was captured by the Ptolemies (Egyptians) in 320 BCE and by the Seleucids (Syrians) in 201 BCE. While the Ptolemies gave the city autonomy if they obeyed, the Seleucids began aggressively Hellenizing the Jews, attempting to transform Jerusalem into a "Polis." Numerous aspects of society were affected. This Hellenization is seen in the architecture and burial inscriptions, and even the Bible was translated into Greek. Antiochus IV sold the High Priesthood, and outlawed Jewish religious practices in 167 BCE. While some Jews welcomed Hellenization, others resisted, and the creation of factions soon lead to revolt.
Hasmonean Jerusalem:
Conservative Jews revolted in what was called the Maccabean Revolt. By 165/4 BCE, they took control of the city and the Temple and established Hanukkah to celebrate the victory, thus beginning the Hasmonean dynasty. During this "Golden Age," Jewish self-rule was instituted, and their territory was greatly expanded. Rulers became increasingly Hellenized, however, and they assumed the offices of High Priest and King, and they grew insensitive to Jewish tradition, and at the same time, forcibly "Judaized" nearby non-Jewish areas. Wisdom of Sirach 45 redirected the Promise of David and applied it to Priests, and there was great conflict between the Sadducees and Pharisees. Pompey and the Romans conquered Jerusalem in 63 BCE.
Alexander the Great defeated Persia's King Darius in 333 BCE conquered Palestine in 332 BCE, and after he died, Jerusalem was captured by the Ptolemies (Egyptians) in 320 BCE and by the Seleucids (Syrians) in 201 BCE. While the Ptolemies gave the city autonomy if they obeyed, the Seleucids began aggressively Hellenizing the Jews, attempting to transform Jerusalem into a "Polis." Numerous aspects of society were affected. This Hellenization is seen in the architecture and burial inscriptions, and even the Bible was translated into Greek. Antiochus IV sold the High Priesthood, and outlawed Jewish religious practices in 167 BCE. While some Jews welcomed Hellenization, others resisted, and the creation of factions soon lead to revolt.
Hasmonean Jerusalem:
Conservative Jews revolted in what was called the Maccabean Revolt. By 165/4 BCE, they took control of the city and the Temple and established Hanukkah to celebrate the victory, thus beginning the Hasmonean dynasty. During this "Golden Age," Jewish self-rule was instituted, and their territory was greatly expanded. Rulers became increasingly Hellenized, however, and they assumed the offices of High Priest and King, and they grew insensitive to Jewish tradition, and at the same time, forcibly "Judaized" nearby non-Jewish areas. Wisdom of Sirach 45 redirected the Promise of David and applied it to Priests, and there was great conflict between the Sadducees and Pharisees. Pompey and the Romans conquered Jerusalem in 63 BCE.
Tuesday, February 8, 2011
2/8/11
Persian Jerusalem:
The Persian period is said to be from 539-333 BCE, part of the 2nd temple period. Although there is no non-biblical texts dealing with Jerusalem during this time, there exists enough evidence to show the major aspects of this time. The prophet Ezekiel predicted a reemergence of God as a mobile being, using vivid and apocalyptic imagery. King Cyrus announced a "general return to homelands" in his clay cuneiform, giving him an image as a "liberator." He was viewed as a great deliverer by the Judean exiles. This can be seen as an example of rationalizing history to comply with certain events, "even if it involves a foreign king as God's chosen deliverer."
Darius I lead a rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple from 520-515 BCE, in an attempt to earn loyalty from the people. But some wonder if the people of Jerusalem truly needed a new temple. New "2nd" temples were constructed, and there was a conflict between the pro-temple and the anti-temple population.
The Persian period is said to be from 539-333 BCE, part of the 2nd temple period. Although there is no non-biblical texts dealing with Jerusalem during this time, there exists enough evidence to show the major aspects of this time. The prophet Ezekiel predicted a reemergence of God as a mobile being, using vivid and apocalyptic imagery. King Cyrus announced a "general return to homelands" in his clay cuneiform, giving him an image as a "liberator." He was viewed as a great deliverer by the Judean exiles. This can be seen as an example of rationalizing history to comply with certain events, "even if it involves a foreign king as God's chosen deliverer."
Darius I lead a rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple from 520-515 BCE, in an attempt to earn loyalty from the people. But some wonder if the people of Jerusalem truly needed a new temple. New "2nd" temples were constructed, and there was a conflict between the pro-temple and the anti-temple population.
2/1/11
Josiah's Jerusalem cont'd:
The lecture began with a description of the Mezad Hashavyahu Ostracon, which contains the Yavneh Yam letter. The ostracon is important because it references a rule stated in Exodus 22, that says that you must return your worker's garment "before the sun sets." The Yavneh Yam letter talks about a violation of this rule, which may prove that some parts of Exodus were used as laws, or it could merely show that Exodus documented a law that was already in existence during the time of the Yavneh Yam letter. Similarly, the Ketef Hinnom amulets quote two Bible verses, and they are dated around 600 BCE. What this evidence proves is mostly similar to that of the Yavneh Yam letter. Both finds do show the importance of literacy and writing's usage as a permanent form of communication.
Exile, Destruction, and Cognitive Dissonance:
Next, we talked about The End of Jerusalem: the end of the Davidic line, the "chosen" people, the temple and the Land. Dr. Cargill made us ponder the question, "What happens to faith when experience contradicts it?" He described the destruction of the temple and exile of the nobles by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. Many people began either lamenting or redefining God's promise to David. The promise suddenly became "conditionalized", and the rationalization that God "put his name" in the temple surfaced. Thus, cognitive dissonance is the struggle to accept reality when it defies belief.
The lecture began with a description of the Mezad Hashavyahu Ostracon, which contains the Yavneh Yam letter. The ostracon is important because it references a rule stated in Exodus 22, that says that you must return your worker's garment "before the sun sets." The Yavneh Yam letter talks about a violation of this rule, which may prove that some parts of Exodus were used as laws, or it could merely show that Exodus documented a law that was already in existence during the time of the Yavneh Yam letter. Similarly, the Ketef Hinnom amulets quote two Bible verses, and they are dated around 600 BCE. What this evidence proves is mostly similar to that of the Yavneh Yam letter. Both finds do show the importance of literacy and writing's usage as a permanent form of communication.
Exile, Destruction, and Cognitive Dissonance:
Next, we talked about The End of Jerusalem: the end of the Davidic line, the "chosen" people, the temple and the Land. Dr. Cargill made us ponder the question, "What happens to faith when experience contradicts it?" He described the destruction of the temple and exile of the nobles by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. Many people began either lamenting or redefining God's promise to David. The promise suddenly became "conditionalized", and the rationalization that God "put his name" in the temple surfaced. Thus, cognitive dissonance is the struggle to accept reality when it defies belief.
Sunday, January 30, 2011
1/27/11
Hezekiah's Jerusalem cont'd:
During Hezekiah's reign, writing became increasingly important for both government and its people. On a different note, he talked about the "messiah," which literally means "the anointed one." Speaking in context of the Book of Isaiah, this messiah is Hezekiah, who defended his city against King Sennacherib of Assyria. According to Isaiah, the Lord told Hezekiah there will be deliverance from Assyria, and the Assyrian failure to destroy Jerusalem was "the single greatest catalyst for the snowballing legend of an inviolable Jerusalem." Hezekiah's later religious reforms aimed to accomplish religious centralization around the Jerusalem temple.
Josiah's Jerusalem:
After Hezekiah, Jerusalem grew and urbanized under Manasseh, Amon, and Josiah. Josiah, who became king at eight years old, used literature to build authority, returning to "Old time religion." He instituted "Deuteronomistic" reform, which emphasized that good things happen when proper worship is performed, and when bad things happen, it is because of poor worship habits. He also cleaned up the temple after Hezekiah's pagan tendencies (2 Kings 23). While Hezekiah's reforms dealt with shrines outside of Jerusalem, those of Josiah dealt with shrines affiliated with other gods. And the fact that their religion was based on literacy shows that people were becoming more literate.
During Hezekiah's reign, writing became increasingly important for both government and its people. On a different note, he talked about the "messiah," which literally means "the anointed one." Speaking in context of the Book of Isaiah, this messiah is Hezekiah, who defended his city against King Sennacherib of Assyria. According to Isaiah, the Lord told Hezekiah there will be deliverance from Assyria, and the Assyrian failure to destroy Jerusalem was "the single greatest catalyst for the snowballing legend of an inviolable Jerusalem." Hezekiah's later religious reforms aimed to accomplish religious centralization around the Jerusalem temple.
Josiah's Jerusalem:
After Hezekiah, Jerusalem grew and urbanized under Manasseh, Amon, and Josiah. Josiah, who became king at eight years old, used literature to build authority, returning to "Old time religion." He instituted "Deuteronomistic" reform, which emphasized that good things happen when proper worship is performed, and when bad things happen, it is because of poor worship habits. He also cleaned up the temple after Hezekiah's pagan tendencies (2 Kings 23). While Hezekiah's reforms dealt with shrines outside of Jerusalem, those of Josiah dealt with shrines affiliated with other gods. And the fact that their religion was based on literacy shows that people were becoming more literate.
1/25/11
Hezekiah's Jerusalem: The Growth of the City:
To label an era "Golden" requires a leader(s) to leave behind monuments and/or evidence of a "united" kingdom. Also, in David and Solomon's case, a divine promise can be received, remembered, and chronicled after building a great temple. Rehoboam, Solomon's son, decided to rule even more harshly than his father, creating a permanent division between Israel, led by Jereboam, and Judah, led by Rehoboam. The north set up alternate worshipping centers in Bethel and Dan to avoid the south, which had Jerusalem, Beer-Sheva, and the Arad Temple. The Egyptian Shoshenq/Shishak invaded Jerusalem in 925 BCE and took away the treasures in Solomon's temple, an event that is inscripted in the Temple of Karnak.
Furthermore, Israel and Judah used Assyria and Syria, respectively, as allies in warfare. Asa (King of Judah) allied with Ben-Hadad (Syria) and Jehu (King of Israel) sent a tribute to Shalmaneser III (Assyria), as depicted by the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. Assyria grew rapidly during the 7th and 8th centuries BCE, finally falling to the Babylonians in 609 BCE. Their growth can partly be attributed to Shalmaneser's ruthless methods of conquest which include public impaling and massive deportations. Jerusalem also grew during this period and experienced extensive urbanization. There is also evidence of Hezekiah possibly making preparations (for an Assyrian attack?)
To label an era "Golden" requires a leader(s) to leave behind monuments and/or evidence of a "united" kingdom. Also, in David and Solomon's case, a divine promise can be received, remembered, and chronicled after building a great temple. Rehoboam, Solomon's son, decided to rule even more harshly than his father, creating a permanent division between Israel, led by Jereboam, and Judah, led by Rehoboam. The north set up alternate worshipping centers in Bethel and Dan to avoid the south, which had Jerusalem, Beer-Sheva, and the Arad Temple. The Egyptian Shoshenq/Shishak invaded Jerusalem in 925 BCE and took away the treasures in Solomon's temple, an event that is inscripted in the Temple of Karnak.
Furthermore, Israel and Judah used Assyria and Syria, respectively, as allies in warfare. Asa (King of Judah) allied with Ben-Hadad (Syria) and Jehu (King of Israel) sent a tribute to Shalmaneser III (Assyria), as depicted by the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. Assyria grew rapidly during the 7th and 8th centuries BCE, finally falling to the Babylonians in 609 BCE. Their growth can partly be attributed to Shalmaneser's ruthless methods of conquest which include public impaling and massive deportations. Jerusalem also grew during this period and experienced extensive urbanization. There is also evidence of Hezekiah possibly making preparations (for an Assyrian attack?)
Saturday, January 22, 2011
1/20/11
David's Jerusalem cont'd:
One of the most important biblical passages comes from 2 Samuel 7 - The Promise to David. This chapter explains that David was planning to build a temple to house the Ark of the Covenant. God, however, replied by saying He has never lived in a house, and that instead, He shall build David a house. David's son shall build the house for God, and his kingdom will be a established forever. The temple was said to last forever, yet it was eventually destroyed and the line of Davidic kings was also ended. For this reason, people began reinterpreting the story, and it soon became an item of debate. Furthermore, Dr. Cargill explained the overall theme of Jerusalem's sacredness: to build the tradition.
Solomon's Jerusalem:
King Soloman was anointed near the Gihon spring, and he rode there on a donkey (a common action to express triumph or humility). He gave an elaborate dedication to God's temple in 1 Kings 8:12-2, and he is often considered wise. Since no archeological evidence of the temple exists, people often wonder if the lack of evidence is proof of its non-existence. The Millo/Stepped Stone Structure provides fragmentary archeological evidence as a possible foundation to David's palace. As far as Solomon's temple is concerned, it is similar in structure to the Tel Ta'yinat and Ain Dara temples, for which we have archeological proof. The pillars of Boaz and Jachin represent strength and possibly the female equivalent of God; Solomon was believed to worship multiple gods. Also, the similar structures of the gates may signal a central bureaucracy, somehow linking the different constructions during the periods of David and Solomon.
One of the most important biblical passages comes from 2 Samuel 7 - The Promise to David. This chapter explains that David was planning to build a temple to house the Ark of the Covenant. God, however, replied by saying He has never lived in a house, and that instead, He shall build David a house. David's son shall build the house for God, and his kingdom will be a established forever. The temple was said to last forever, yet it was eventually destroyed and the line of Davidic kings was also ended. For this reason, people began reinterpreting the story, and it soon became an item of debate. Furthermore, Dr. Cargill explained the overall theme of Jerusalem's sacredness: to build the tradition.
Solomon's Jerusalem:
King Soloman was anointed near the Gihon spring, and he rode there on a donkey (a common action to express triumph or humility). He gave an elaborate dedication to God's temple in 1 Kings 8:12-2, and he is often considered wise. Since no archeological evidence of the temple exists, people often wonder if the lack of evidence is proof of its non-existence. The Millo/Stepped Stone Structure provides fragmentary archeological evidence as a possible foundation to David's palace. As far as Solomon's temple is concerned, it is similar in structure to the Tel Ta'yinat and Ain Dara temples, for which we have archeological proof. The pillars of Boaz and Jachin represent strength and possibly the female equivalent of God; Solomon was believed to worship multiple gods. Also, the similar structures of the gates may signal a central bureaucracy, somehow linking the different constructions during the periods of David and Solomon.
Wednesday, January 19, 2011
1/18/11
David's Jerusalem cont'd:
Warren's shaft was another crucial discovery, but some wonder whether or not it was constructed or even used. It could have been a natural water spring; however, the second book of Samuel and second Chronicles both reference a water shaft. In second Samuel, David was the first to climb through, and in second Chronicles, Joab went through first.
1 Kings 1 describes the Anointing of Solomon, which occurred on a mule near the Gihon Spring, and there exists additional references to this idea, in both the books of Zechariah and Matthew. Also, the Ark of the Covenant was another important topic for this lecture. The ark was built of wood and overlayed with gold, and after carrying it around from place to place, they decided that its permanent home would be a grand temple in Jerusalem.
Warren's shaft was another crucial discovery, but some wonder whether or not it was constructed or even used. It could have been a natural water spring; however, the second book of Samuel and second Chronicles both reference a water shaft. In second Samuel, David was the first to climb through, and in second Chronicles, Joab went through first.
1 Kings 1 describes the Anointing of Solomon, which occurred on a mule near the Gihon Spring, and there exists additional references to this idea, in both the books of Zechariah and Matthew. Also, the Ark of the Covenant was another important topic for this lecture. The ark was built of wood and overlayed with gold, and after carrying it around from place to place, they decided that its permanent home would be a grand temple in Jerusalem.
1/6/11
Jerusalem as Sacred Space:
The lecture began with a discussion about the concept of sacred space - areas that become holy due to supernatural events. Professor Cargill alluded to the concept of a memorial where people would mourn the loss of loved ones. Like this kind of memorial, which is holy to certain people, Jerusalem is considered holy by a variety of people. Because its location roughly connects three continents, the city possesses special connective qualities that make it so unique. The Book of Genesis references the Gihon river, which now exists as a spring in Jerusalem, as being linked to the Garden of Eden. This and other etiological stories have contributed to Jerusalem's sacred qualities.
The other major portion of the lecture dealt with the city's geography and its relation to its growth. There exists three main valleys and two main hills. The Kidron Valley in the east, the Hinnom Valley in the west, and the Tyropoeon/Central Valley provide natural protective barriers for the city. What began near the City of David in the west soon grew into four distinct quarters that separate the city. The Christian portion exists in the northwest, the Islamic portion in the northeast, the Jewish portion in the southeast, and the Armenian portion in the southwest. The Temple Mount, sometimes considered the fifth quarter, is located near the Islamic and Jewish quarters in the east. Because it is not located directly on a river or trade route, some often wonder why Jerusalem grew to become "the center of the world." This answer, of course, is because it was sacred to so many people.
The lecture began with a discussion about the concept of sacred space - areas that become holy due to supernatural events. Professor Cargill alluded to the concept of a memorial where people would mourn the loss of loved ones. Like this kind of memorial, which is holy to certain people, Jerusalem is considered holy by a variety of people. Because its location roughly connects three continents, the city possesses special connective qualities that make it so unique. The Book of Genesis references the Gihon river, which now exists as a spring in Jerusalem, as being linked to the Garden of Eden. This and other etiological stories have contributed to Jerusalem's sacred qualities.
The other major portion of the lecture dealt with the city's geography and its relation to its growth. There exists three main valleys and two main hills. The Kidron Valley in the east, the Hinnom Valley in the west, and the Tyropoeon/Central Valley provide natural protective barriers for the city. What began near the City of David in the west soon grew into four distinct quarters that separate the city. The Christian portion exists in the northwest, the Islamic portion in the northeast, the Jewish portion in the southeast, and the Armenian portion in the southwest. The Temple Mount, sometimes considered the fifth quarter, is located near the Islamic and Jewish quarters in the east. Because it is not located directly on a river or trade route, some often wonder why Jerusalem grew to become "the center of the world." This answer, of course, is because it was sacred to so many people.
1/13/11
Canaanite Jerusalem:
Early settlement in Jerusalem was based around the Gihon Spring, agriculture, and the watershed highway. Non-biblical texts include execration texts, figurines used to curse enemies, on which Jerusalem ("Rusalimum") was mentioned. The el-Amarna letters were written by the city's early leaders to Egypt, asking for money or protection. Also, certain fortifications like a tower gate near Gihon ("Fountain Gate?") and Pool Tower ("tower of Siloam?"), are examples of pre-David archeological evidence. There is also evidence of two separate kings before David ruled. Furthermore, the Book of Joshua states that "Joshua defeated the whole land...he left no one remaining but utterly destroyed all that breathed," implying that he easily conquered Jerusalem. Yet, another the book of Judges and a different chapter of Joshua seem to contradict this idea, leaving three possibilities of how the Israelites got there. These are conquest, immigration, and the idea that they were always there due to mixed ethnic origins.
David's Jerusalem:
Some people debate whether or not David actually existed. However, the Tel Dan inscription refers to the followers of "The House of David." This does not necessarily confirm that David existed, but it does prove that a certain group called themselves "followers" of someone who referred to himself as "David."
Many archeological findings have been attributed to the early Iron age. These include an eastern retaining wall, the "stepped stone structure" or "millo," as well as the Houses of Ahiel and Bullae.
Early settlement in Jerusalem was based around the Gihon Spring, agriculture, and the watershed highway. Non-biblical texts include execration texts, figurines used to curse enemies, on which Jerusalem ("Rusalimum") was mentioned. The el-Amarna letters were written by the city's early leaders to Egypt, asking for money or protection. Also, certain fortifications like a tower gate near Gihon ("Fountain Gate?") and Pool Tower ("tower of Siloam?"), are examples of pre-David archeological evidence. There is also evidence of two separate kings before David ruled. Furthermore, the Book of Joshua states that "Joshua defeated the whole land...he left no one remaining but utterly destroyed all that breathed," implying that he easily conquered Jerusalem. Yet, another the book of Judges and a different chapter of Joshua seem to contradict this idea, leaving three possibilities of how the Israelites got there. These are conquest, immigration, and the idea that they were always there due to mixed ethnic origins.
David's Jerusalem:
Some people debate whether or not David actually existed. However, the Tel Dan inscription refers to the followers of "The House of David." This does not necessarily confirm that David existed, but it does prove that a certain group called themselves "followers" of someone who referred to himself as "David."
Many archeological findings have been attributed to the early Iron age. These include an eastern retaining wall, the "stepped stone structure" or "millo," as well as the Houses of Ahiel and Bullae.
Wednesday, January 12, 2011
1/11/11
Jerusalem as Sacred Space cont'd:
Jerusalem's temples play a crucial role in its sanctity. The recurring theme regarding these houses of worship is that God gave a religious figure plans for the temple's look and location. The temples' pillars are often considered to "connect" heaven and earth, and are also of divine decree.
Once a holy place is founded, it must then be consecrated. During this process, the place acquires stories and traditions that make it religiously significant. Some of these include Genesis 2, which explains the Garden of Eden, which is located near the Gihon river/spring. Also, Genesis 22 and 2 Chronicles 3 describe Mt. Moriah (near Jerusalem) and Abraham's attempted sacrifice of his son Isaac. These events contribute to the idea that Jerusalem is the Center of the World and the major Holy City.
Furthermore, the axis mundi is said to be placed at the center of the world, and several Bible verses contain evidence that it exists on one of Jerusalem's mountains (the higher the elevation, the closer one can get to heaven). And since the axis mundi also connects hell to earth, the Gai-Hinnom (i.e. the Hinnom Valley "dump") had certain hell-like qualities and references.
Jerusalem also contains special landmarks for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These include the Temple Mount and Western Wall (Judaism), The Holy Sepulcher (Christianity), and the Dome of the Rock and Al Aqsa Mosque (Islam).
Jerusalem's temples play a crucial role in its sanctity. The recurring theme regarding these houses of worship is that God gave a religious figure plans for the temple's look and location. The temples' pillars are often considered to "connect" heaven and earth, and are also of divine decree.
Once a holy place is founded, it must then be consecrated. During this process, the place acquires stories and traditions that make it religiously significant. Some of these include Genesis 2, which explains the Garden of Eden, which is located near the Gihon river/spring. Also, Genesis 22 and 2 Chronicles 3 describe Mt. Moriah (near Jerusalem) and Abraham's attempted sacrifice of his son Isaac. These events contribute to the idea that Jerusalem is the Center of the World and the major Holy City.
Furthermore, the axis mundi is said to be placed at the center of the world, and several Bible verses contain evidence that it exists on one of Jerusalem's mountains (the higher the elevation, the closer one can get to heaven). And since the axis mundi also connects hell to earth, the Gai-Hinnom (i.e. the Hinnom Valley "dump") had certain hell-like qualities and references.
Jerusalem also contains special landmarks for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These include the Temple Mount and Western Wall (Judaism), The Holy Sepulcher (Christianity), and the Dome of the Rock and Al Aqsa Mosque (Islam).
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