Islamic Jerusalem:
Caliph Umar took over Jerusalem in 638, and he allowed Jews to move back into the city after an agreement with the Christians prohibiting Jewish settlement. Aelia, Bait Maqdis, and al-Quds were all used to describe the holy city (Haram al-Sharif = "the noble sanctuary). Muhammed first introduced the concepts of Qibla and Mihrab, which focus on a set direction of Prayer toward Mecca, specifically towards the Kaaba.
Caliph Umar constructed a wooden Mosque, whose site eventually became the sight of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and Abd al-Malik built the the Dome of the Rock in 691 (commissioned in 687). The location of the Dome of the Rock is said to be linked to Abraham's sacrifice on Mt. Moriah, Solomon's Temple, and the Underworld itself. Both of these aimed to divert pilgrimage away from Mecca, and Jews and Christians also visited Jerusalem as well. Abd al-Malik improved the road system and restored certain gates and walls of Jerusalem, and he constructed the Qubbat as-Silsila, or the Dome of the Chain.
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